550 5.4.1? It (most often) means User Unknown


I've blogged about this before, covering the different types of NDRs (non-delivery reports, aka bounces or rejections) that you receive back when trying to send email messages to email addresses that are invalid; either never having anyone home, or now no longer being a valid mailbox. Find that here.

But this time around, allow me to get more specific. I run an email newsletter, right? It’s not huge, about 1400 people, but a fair number of subscribers use Microsoft 365 for corporate email hosting. People move on to other companies, leaving their current job and current work email address behind. When that happens; guess what the SMTP rejection is that I receive, when a Microsoft-hosted mailbox is no longer valid? Yup, it’s “550 5.4.1 Recipient address rejected: Access denied.” Seemingly every time.

This Microsoft support page hints at this being a response for invalid addresses; see how it suggests that you first check to see if you spelled the user’s email address correctly? There are also potentially other reasons this rejection can occur, from a misconfigured M365 environment to a block against the sender; but this is likely to be rare, especially the latter, if you’re a good sender and not shoveling spam to somebody to the point where they’re annoyed enough with you to manually implement a block against your mail.

It’s a confusing one, for sure! Even though it specifically says “access denied,” as I explain above, it’s actually most often a user unknown/nobody home bounce, and I would generally treat it as such. I figured this would be a good thing to get out there to help folks be able to tune their bounce handling and/or review rejections more accurately in the future. Good luck, and be sure to check out my 2023 blog post with more types of Microsoft user unknown SMTP rejection codes. 
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